The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23), James Darmesteter, tr. [1882], at sacred-texts.com
The Fravashi is the inner power in every being that maintains it and makes it grow and subsist. Originally the Fravashis were the same as the Pitris of the Hindus or the Manes of the Latins, that is to say, the everlasting and deified souls of the dead (see §§ 49-52); but in course of time they gained a wider domain, and not only men, but gods and even physical objects, like the sky and the earth, &c. (§§ 85-86), had each a Fravashi (see Ormazd et Ahriman, §§ 111-113).
This Yast is to be divided into two parts. The former part (§§ 1-84) is a glorification of the powers and attributes of the Fravashis in general; the latter part (§§ 85–158) is an enumeration of the Fravashis of the most celebrated heroes of Mazdeism, from the first man, Gaya Maretan, down to the last, Saoshyant.
This latter part is like a Homer's catalogue of Mazdeism. The greatest part of the historical legends of Iran lies here condensed into a register of proper names. This enumeration is divided into seven chapters:
The first (XXIV, §§ 85-95) contains the names of several gods, of the first man, Gaya Maretan, the first law-giver, Zarathustra, and his first disciple, Maidhyô-maungha;
The second part (XXV, §§ 96-110) contains the names of the disciples of Zarathustra, most of them belonging to the epical cyclus of Vîstâspa (Gustâsp);
The third part (XXVI, §§ 111-117) is of uncertain character, and no name contained in it is found in the epical legends;
The fourth part (XXVII, §§ 118-128) seems to be devoted to the heroes of the other Karshvares and to mythical beings, born or unborn (cf. §§ 121, 122, 127, 128);
The fifth part (XXVIII, § 129) is devoted to Saoshyant alone; The sixth part (XXIX, §§ 130-138) is devoted to the heroes before the time of Zarathustra;
The seventh part (XXX, §§ 139-142) is devoted to the holy women of Mazdeism from Hvôvi, Zarathustra's wife, down to Srûtat-fedhri, Vanghu-fedhri, and Eredat-fedhri, the future mothers of his three unborn sons.
The second, third, and fourth enumerations all end with the
name of Astvat-ereta (that is to say, Saoshyant), which shows that they do not refer to successive generations, but to three independent branches, which are each developed apart down to the time of the Saviour.
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0. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! . . . .
Ashem Vohû: Holiness is the best of all good . . . .
I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daêvas and obeys the laws of Ahura;
For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Hâvani], the holy and master of holiness.
Unto the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the faithful; unto the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law 1; unto the Fravashis of the next-of-kin,
Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification.
Yathâ ahû vairyô: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness. . . .
1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'Do thou proclaim, O pure Zarathustra! the vigour and strength, the glory, the help and the joy that are in the Fravashis of the faithful, the awful and overpowering Fravashis; do thou tell how they come to help me, how they bring assistance unto me, the awful Fravashis of the faithful 2.
2. 'Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain that sky, there above, shining and seen afar, and encompassing this earth all around.
3. 'It looks like a palace, that stands built of a
heavenly substance 1, firmly established, with ends that lie afar, shining in its body of ruby over the three-thirds (of the earth) 2; it is like a garment inlaid with stars, made of a heavenly substance, that Mazda puts on, along with Mithra and Rashnu and Spenta-Ârmaiti, and on no side can the eye perceive the end of it.
4. 'Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain Ardvi Sara Anâhita, the wide-expanding and health-giving, who hates the Daêvas and obeys the laws of Ahura, who is worthy of sacrifice in the material world, worthy of prayer in the material world; the life-increasing and holy, the flocks-increasing and holy, the fold-increasing and holy, the wealth-increasing and holy, the country-increasing and holy 3;
5 4. 'Who makes the seed of all males pure, who makes the womb of all females pure for bringing forth, who makes all females bring forth in safety, who puts milk in the breasts of all females in the right measure and the right quality;
6. 'The large river, known afar, that is as large as the whole of all the waters that run along the earth; that runs powerfully from the height Hukairya down to the sea Vouru-Kasha.
7. 'All the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are boiling over, all the middle of it is boiling over,
when she runs down there, when she streams down there, she, Ardvi Sûra Anâhita, who has a thousand cells and a thousand channels; the extent of each of those cells, of each of those channels, is as much as a man can ride in forty days, riding on a good horse.
8. 'From this river of mine alone flow all the waters that spread all over the seven Karshvares; this river of mine alone goes on bringing waters, both in summer and in winter. This river of mine purifies the seed in males, the womb in females, the milk in females’ breasts 1.
9. 'Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain the wide earth made by Ahura, the large and broad earth, that bears so much that is fine, that bears all the bodily world, the live and the dead, and the high mountains, rich in pastures and waters;
10. 'Upon which run the many streams and rivers; upon which the many kinds of plants grow up from the ground, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals 2, and to help the faithful.
11. 'Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain in the womb the child that has been conceived, so that it does not die from the
assaults of Vîdôtu 1, and I develop in it 2 the bones, the hair, the . . . . 3, the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs.
12. 'Had not the awful Fravashis of the faithful given help unto me, those animals and men of mine, of which there are such excellent kinds, would not subsist; strength would belong to the Drug, the dominion would belong to the Drug, the material world would belong to the Drug.
13. 'Between the earth and the sky the immaterial creatures would be harassed by the Drug; between the earth and the sky the immaterial creatures would be smitten by the Drug; and never afterwards would Angra-Mainyu give way to the blows of Spenta-Mainyu.
14. 'Through their brightness and glory the waters run and flow forward from the never-failing springs; through their brightness and glory the plants grow up from the earth, by the never-failing springs; through their brightness and glory the winds blow, driving down the clouds towards the never-failing springs.
15. 'Through their brightness and glory the females conceive offspring; through their brightness and glory they bring forth in safety; it is through their brightness and glory when they become blessed with children.
16. 'Through their brightness and glory a man is born who is a chief in assemblies and meetings 4, who listens well 5 to the (holy) words, whom Wisdom
holds dear 1, and who returns a victor from discussions with Gaotema, the heretic 2.
'Through their brightness and glory the sun goes his way; through their brightness and glory the moon goes her way; through their brightness and glory the stars go their way.
17. 'In fearful battles they are the wisest for help, the Fravashis of the faithful.
'The most powerful amongst the Fravashis of the faithful, O Spitama! are those of the men of the primitive law 3 or those of the Saoshyants 4 not yet born, who are to restore the world. Of the Others, the Fravashis of the living faithful are more powerful, O Zarathustra! than those of the dead, O Spitama!
18. 'And the man who in life shall treat the Fravashis of the faithful well, will become a ruler of the country with full power, and a chief most strong; so shall any man of you become, who shall treat Mithra well, the lord of wide pastures, and Arstât, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase.
19. 'Thus do I proclaim unto thee, O pure Spitama! the vigour and strength, the glory, the help, and the joy that are in the Fravashis of the faithful,
the awful and overpowering Fravashis; and how they come to help me, how they bring assistance unto me, the awful Fravashis of the faithful 1.'
20. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'If in this material world, O Spitama Zarathustra! thou happenest to come upon frightful roads, full of dangers and fears, O Zarathustra! and thou fearest for thyself, then do thou recite these words, then proclaim these fiend-smiting words, O Zarathustra!
21. ' "I praise, I invoke, I meditate upon, and we sacrifice unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful. We worship the Fravashis of the masters of the houses, those of the lords of the boroughs, those of the lords of the towns, those of the lords of the countries, those of the Zarathustrôtemas 2; the Fravashis of those that are, the Fravashis of those that have been, the Fravashis of those that will be; all the Fravashis of all nations 3, and most friendly the Fravashis of the friendly nations;
22. ' "Who maintain the sky, who maintain the waters, who maintain the earth, who maintain the cattle, who maintain in the womb the child that has been conceived, so that it does not die from the assaults of Vîdôtu, and develop in it the bones, the hair, the . . . ., the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs 4;
23. ' "Who are much-bringing, who move with
awfulness, well-moving, swiftly moving, quickly moving, who move when invoked; who are to be invoked in the conquest of good, who are to be invoked in fights against foes, who are to be invoked in battles;
24. ' "Who give victory to their invoker, who give boons to their lover, who give health to the sick man, who give good Glory to the faithful man that brings libations and invokes them with a sacrifice and words of propitiation 1;
25. ' "Who turn to that side where are faithful men, most devoted to holiness, and where is the greatest piety 2, where the faithful man is rejoiced 3, and where the faithful man is not ill-treated 4." '
26. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who are the mightiest of drivers, the lightest of those driving forwards, the slowest of the retiring 5, the safest 5 of all bridges, the least-erring 5 of all weapons and arms 6, and who never turn their backs 7.
27. At once, wherever they come, we worship them, the good ones, the excellent ones, the good, the strong, the beneficent Fravashis of the faithful. They are to be invoked when the bundles of baresma are tied; they are to be invoked in fights against foes, in battles 8, and there where gallant men strive to conquer foes.
28. Mazda invoked them for help, when he fixed the sky and the waters and the earth and the plants; when Spenta-Mainyu fixed the sky, when he fixed the waters, when the earth, when the cattle, when the plants, when the child conceived in the womb, so that it should not die from the assaults of Vîdôtu, and developed in it the bones, the hair, the . . . ., the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs 1.
29. Spenta-Mainyu maintained the sky, and they sustained it from below, they, the strong Fravashis, who sit in silence, gazing with sharp looks; whose eyes and ears are powerful, who bring long joy, high and high-girded; well-moving and moving afar, loud-snorting 2, possessing riches and a high renown.
30. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; whose friendship is good, and who know how to benefit; whose friendship lasts long; who like to stay in the abode where they are not harmed by its dwellers; who are good, beautiful afar 3, health-giving, of high renown, conquering in battle, and who never do harm first.
31. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; whose will is dreadful unto those who vex them; powerfully working and most beneficent; who in battle break the dread arms of their foes and haters.
32. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; liberal, valiant, and full of strength, not to be seized by thought, welfare-giving, kind, and health-giving, following with Ashi's remedies, as far as the earth extends, as the rivers stretch, as the sun rises 1.
33. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who gallantly and bravely fight, causing havoc, wounding 2, breaking to pieces all the malice of the malicious, Daêvas and men, and smiting powerfully in battle, at their wish and will.
34. You kindly deliver the Victory made by Ahura, and the crushing Ascendant, most beneficently, to those countries where you, the good ones, unharmed and rejoiced, unoppressed and unoffended, have been held worthy of sacrifice and prayer, and proceed the way of your wish.
35. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, of high renown, smiting in battle, most strong, shield-bearing and harmless to those who are true, whom both the pursuing and the fleeing invoke for help: the pursuer invokes
them for a swift race, and for a swift race does the fleer invoke them;
36. Who turn to that side where are faithful men, most devoted to holiness, and where is the greatest piety, where the faithful man is rejoiced, and where the faithful man is not ill-treated 1.
37. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who form many battalions, girded with weapons 2, lifting up spears, and full of sheen; who in fearful battles come rushing along where the gallant heroes 3 go and assail the Dânus 4.
38. There you destroy the victorious strength of the Turanian Dânus; there you destroy the malice of the Turanian Dânus; through you the chiefs 5 are of high intellect 6 and most successful; they, the gallant heroes the gallant Saoshyants 7, the gallant conquerors of the offspring of the Dânus chiefs of myriads, who wound with stones 8.
39. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who rout the two wings of an army standing in battle array, who make the centre swerve, and swiftly pursue onwards, to help the faithful and to distress the doers of evil deeds.
40. We worship the good, strong, beneficent
[paragraph continues] Fravashis of the faithful; awful, overpowering, and victorious, smiting in battle, sorely wounding, blowing away (the foes), moving along to and fro, of good renown, fair of body, godly of soul, and holy; who give victory to their invoker, who give boons to their lover, who give health to the sick man 1;
41. Who give good glory to him who worships them with a sacrifice, as that man did worship them, the holy Zarathustra, the chief of the material world, the head of the two-footed race, in whatever struggle he had to enter, in whatever distress he did fear;
42. Who, when well invoked, enjoy bliss in the heavens; who, when well invoked, come forward from the heavens, who are the heads 2 of that sky above, possessing the well-shapen Strength, the Victory made by Ahura, the crushing Ascendant, and Welfare 3, the wealth-bringing, boon-bringing, holy, well fed, worthy of sacrifice and prayer in the perfection of holiness.
43. They shed Satavaêsa 4 between the earth and the sky, him to whom the waters belong 5, who listens to appeals and makes the waters flow and the plants grow up, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals 6, and to help the faithful 7.
44. Satavaêsa comes down and flows between the earth and the sky, he to whom the waters belong, who listens to appeals and makes the waters and the plants grow up, fair, radiant, and full of
light, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals, and to help the faithful.
45. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; with helms of brass, with weapons of brass, with armour 1 of brass; who struggle in the fights for victory in garments of light, arraying the battles and bringing them forwards, to kill thousands of Daêvas.
When the wind blows from behind them 2 and brings their breath unto men,
46. Then men know where blows the breath of victory: and they pay pious homage unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, with their hearts prepared and their arms uplifted.
47. Whichever side they have been first worshipped in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart 3, to that side turn the awful Fravashis of the faithful, along with Mithra and Rashnu and the awful cursing thought 4 of the wise and the victorious wind.
48. And those nations are smitten at one stroke by their fifties and their hundreds, by their hundreds and their thousands, by their thousands and their tens of thousands, by their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads, against which turn the awful Fravashis of the faithful, along with Mithra and Rashnu, and the awful cursing thought of the wise and the victorious wind.
49. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who come and go through the borough at the time of the Hamaspathmaêdha 1; they go along there for ten nights, asking thus 2:
50. 'Who will praise us? Who will offer us a sacrifice? Who will meditate upon us? Who will bless us 3? Who will receive us with meat and clothes in his hand 4 and with a prayer worthy of bliss 5? Of which of us will the name be taken for invocation 6? Of which of you will the soul be worshipped by you with a sacrifice 7? To whom will this gift of ours be given, that he may have never-failing food for ever and ever?'
51. And the man who offers them up a sacrifice,
with meat and clothes in his hand, with a prayer worthy of bliss, the awful Fravashis of the faithful, satisfied, unharmed, and unoffended, bless thus:
52. 'May there be in this house flocks of animals and men! May there be a swift horse and a solid chariot! May there be a man who knows how to praise God 1 and rule in an assembly, who will offer us sacrifices with meat and clothes in his hand, and with a prayer worthy of bliss 2.'
53. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show beautiful paths to the waters, made by Mazda, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without flowing 3:
54. And now they flow along the path made by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, the watery way appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spentas.
55. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show a beautiful growth to the fertile 4 plants, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without growing:
56. And now they grow up along the path made
by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, in the time appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spentas.
57. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who showed their paths to the stars, the moon, the sun, and the endless lights, that had stood before for a long time in the same place, without moving forwards, through the oppression of the Daêvas and the assaults of the Daêvas 1.
58. And now they move around in their far-revolving circle for ever, till they come to the time of the good restoration of the world.
59. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the bright sea Vouru-Kasha 2, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
60. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the stars Haptôiringa 3, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
61. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the body
of Keresâspa, the son of Sâma 1, the club-bearer with plaited hair, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
62. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the seed of the holy Zarathustra 2, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine.
63. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who fight at the right hand of the reigning lord, if he rejoices the faithful 3 and if the awful Fravashis of the faithful are not hurt by him, if they are rejoiced by him, unharmed and unoffended.
64. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who are greater, who are
stronger, who are swifter, who are more powerful, who are more victorious, who are more healing, who are more effective than can be expressed by words; who run by tens of thousands into the midst of the Myazdas.
65. And when the waters come up from the sea Vouru-Kasha, O Spitama Zarathustra! along with the Glory made by Mazda 1, then forwards come the awful Fravashis of the faithful, many and many hundreds, many and many thousands, many and many tens of thousands,
66. Seeking water for their own kindred, for their own borough, for their own town, for their own country, and saying thus: 'May our own country have a good store and full joy!'
67. They fight in the battles that are fought in their own place and land, each according to the place and house where he dwelt (of yore) 2: they look like a gallant warrior who, girded up and watchful, fights for the hoard he has treasured up.
68. And those of them who win bring waters to their own kindred, to their own borough, to their own town, to their own country, saying thus: 'May my country grow and increase!'
69. And when the all-powerful sovereign of a country has been surprised by his foes and haters, he invokes them, the awful Fravashis of the faithful.
70. And they come to his help, if they have not been hurt by him, if they have been rejoiced by him, if they have not been harmed nor offended, the awful Fravashis of the faithful: they come flying unto him, it seems as if they were well-winged birds.
71. They come in as a weapon and as a shield, to keep him behind and to keep him in front, from the Drug unseen, from the female Varenya fiend, from the evil-doer bent on mischief, and from that fiend who is all death, Angra Mainyu. It will be as if there were a thousand men watching over one man 1;
72. So that neither the sword well-thrust, neither the club well-falling, nor the arrow well-shot, nor the spear well-darted, nor the stones flung from the arm shall destroy him.
73. They come on this side, they come on that side, never resting, the good, powerful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, asking for help thus: 'Who will praise us? Who will offer us a sacrifice? Who will meditate upon us? Who will bless us? Who will receive us with meat and clothes in his hand and with a prayer worthy of bliss? Of which of us will the name be taken for invocation? Of which of you will the soul be worshipped by you with a sacrifice? To whom will that gift of ours be given, that he may have never-failing food for ever and ever 2?'
74. We worship the perception 3; we worship the intellect; we worship the conscience; we worship those of the Saoshyants 4;
We worship the souls; those of the tame animals; those of the wild animals; those of the animals that live in the waters; those of the animals that live under the ground; those of the flying ones; those of the running ones; those of the grazing ones 5.
We worship their Fravashis 1.
75. We worship the Fravashis.
We worship them, the liberal;
We worship them, the valiant; we worship them, the most valiant;
We worship them, the beneficent; we worship them, the most beneficent;
We worship them, the powerful;
We worship them, the most strong;
We worship them, the light; we worship them, the most light;
We worship them, the effective; we worship them, the most effective.
76. They are the most effective amongst the creatures of the two Spirits, they the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who stood holding fast when the two Spirits created the world, the Good Spirit and the Evil One 2.
77. When Angra Mainyu broke into the creation of the good holiness, then came in across Vohû Manô and Âtar 3.
78. They destroyed the malice of the fiend Angra Mainyu, so that the waters did not stop flowing nor did the plants stop growing; but at once the most beneficent waters of the creator and
ruler, Ahura Mazda, flowed forward and his plants went on growing.
79. We worship all the waters;
We worship all the plants;
We worship all the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful.
We worship the waters by their names 1;
We worship the plants by their names 2;
We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful by their names.
80. Of all those ancient Fravashis, we worship the Fravashi of Ahura Mazda; who is the greatest, the best, the fairest, the most solid, the wisest, the finest of body and supreme in holiness 3;
81. Whose soul is the Mãthra Spenta, who is white, shining, seen afar; and we worship the beautiful forms, the active forms wherewith he clothes the Amesha-Spentas; we worship the swift-horsed sun.
82. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the Amesha-Spentas, the bright ones, whose looks perform what they wish, the tall, quickly coming to do, strong, and lordly, who are undecaying and holy;
83. Who are all seven of one thought, who are all seven of one speech, who are all seven of one deed; whose thought is the same, whose speech is the same, whose deed is the same, whose father and
commander is the same, namely, the Maker, Ahura Mazda;
84. Who see one another's soul thinking of good thoughts, thinking of good words, thinking of good deeds, thinking of Garô-nmâna, and whose ways 1 are shining as they go down towards the libations 2.
85. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis: that of the most rejoicing 3 fire, the beneficent and assembly-making 4; and that of the holy, strong Sraosha 5, who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly god; and that of Nairyô-sangha 6.
86. And that of Rashnu Razista 7;
That of Mithra 8, the lord of wide pastures;
That of the Mãthra-Spenta 9;
That of the sky;
That of the waters;
That of the earth;
That of the plants;
That of the Bull 10;
That of the living man 11;
That of the holy creation 12.
87. We worship the Fravashi of Gaya Maretan 13,
who first listened unto the thought and teaching of Ahura Mazda; of whom Ahura formed the race of the Aryan nations, the seed of the Aryan nations.
We worship the piety and the Fravashi of the holy Zarathustra;
88. Who first thought what is good, who first spoke what is good, who first did what is good; who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground 1; who first knew and first taught; who first possessed 2 and first took possession of the Bull 3, of Holiness 4, of the Word, the obedience to the Word, and dominion, and all the good things made by Mazda, that are the offspring of the good Principle;
89. Who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground; who first took the turning of the wheel 5 from the hands of the Daêva and of the cold-hearted man; who first in the material world pronounced the praise of Asha 6, thus bringing the Daêvas to naught, and confessed himself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daêvas, and obeys the laws of Ahura.
90. Who first in the material world said the word that destroys the Daêvas, the law of Ahura; who first in the material world proclaimed the word that destroys the Daêvas, the law of Ahura; who
first in the material world declared all the creation of the Daêvas unworthy of sacrifice and prayer; who was strong, giving all the good things of life, the first bearer of the Law amongst the nations;
91. In whom was heard the whole Mãthra, the word of holiness; who was the lord and master of the world 1, the praiser of the most great, most good and most fair Asha 2; who had a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings;
92. For whom the Amesha-Spentas longed, in one accord with the sun, in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart; they longed for him, as the lord and master of the world, as the praiser of the most great, most good, and most fair Asha, as having a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings;
93. In whose birth and growth the waters and the plants rejoiced; in whose birth and growth the waters and the plants grew; in whose birth and growth all the creatures of the good creations cried out, Hail 3!
94. 'Hail to us! for he is born, the Âthravan, Spitama Zarathustra. Zarathustra will offer us sacrifices with libations and bundles of baresma; and there will the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda come and spread through all the seven Karshvares of the earth.
95. 'There will Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles; there will the powerful Apãm-Napât 4 increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles.'
We worship the piety and Fravashi of Maidhyô-maungha, the son of Arâsti 1, who first listened unto the word and teaching of Zarathustra.
96. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asmô-hvanvant 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asan-hvanvant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gavayan.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parshat-gaus 3, the son of Frâta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohvasti, the son of Snaoya;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isvat, the son of Varâza.
97. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Saêna, the son of Ahûm-stut 4, who first appeared upon this earth with a hundred pupils 5.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradhidaya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmânara, the son of Paêshata.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-raokah, the son of Frânya;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashô-raokah, the son of Frânya;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmô-raokah, the son of Frânya.
98. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isat-vâstra, the son of Zarathustra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urvatat-nara, the son of Zarathustra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvare-kithra, the son of Zarathustra 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daêvô-tbis, the son of Takhma.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thrimithwant, the son of Spitâma 2.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daungha, the son of Zairita.
99. We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Vîstâspa 3; the gallant one, who was the incarnate
[paragraph continues] Word, the mighty-speared, and lordly one; who, driving the Drug 1 before him, sought wide room for the holy religion; who, driving the Drug 1 before him, made wide room for the holy religion, who made himself the arm and support of this law of Ahura, of this law of Zarathustra.
100. Who took her 2, standing bound 3, from the hands of the Hunus 4, and established her to sit in the middle [of the world], high ruling, never falling back, holy, nourished with plenty of cattle and pastures, blessed with plenty of cattle and pastures 4.
101. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zairivairi 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yukhtavairi;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Srîraokhshan;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Keresaokhshan;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanâra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varâza;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bûgi-sravah 6.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Berezy-arsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tîzyarsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Perethu-arsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîzyarsti.
102. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Naptya;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vazâspa;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Habâspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vistauru 1, the son of Naotara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fras-hãm-vareta 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashôkareta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-vanu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-pâta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-dâta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-kithra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-hvarenah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-savah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-zantu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âtare-danghu.
103. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huskyaothna;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Piskyaothna;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Spentô-dâta 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bastavairi 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kavârazem 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashaostra 4, the son of Hvôva;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gâmâspa 5, the son of Hvôva;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avâraostri 1.
104. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huskyaothna, the son of Frashaostra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvâdaêna, the son of Frashaostra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hanghaurvaungh, the son of Gâmâspa 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vareshna, the son of Hanghaurvaungh.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-nemah, the son of Avâraostri,
To withstand evil dreams, to withstand evil visions, to withstand evil . . . . 3, to withstand the evil Pairikas.
105. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mãthravâka, the son of Sîmaêzi, the Aêthrapati, the Hamidhpati 4, who was able to smite down most of the evil, unfaithful Ashemaoghas, that shout the hymns 5, and acknowledge no lord and no master 6, the dreadful ones whose Fravashis are to be broken 7; to withstand the evil done by the faithful 8.
106. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashastu, the son of Maidhyô-maungha 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avarethrabah, the son of Râstare-vaghant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bûgra, the son of Dâzgarâspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zbaurvant;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Karesna 2, the son of Zbaurvant; who was the incarnate Word, mighty-speared and lordly;
107. In whose house did walk the good, beautiful, shining Ashi Vanguhi, in the shape of a maid fair of body, most strong, tall-formed, high-up girded, pure, nobly born of a glorious seed 3; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to make room for himself with his own arms; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to fight the foe with his own arms 4.
108. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîrâspa, the son of Karesna;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âzâta, the son of Karesna:
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâyaodha, the son of Karesna.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and good Arshya; Arshya, the chief in assemblies, the most energetic of the worshippers of Mazda.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dârayat-ratha;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâyat-ratha;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Skârayat-ratha.
109. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Arsvant;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vyarsvant;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paityarsvant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Amru 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kamru 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Drâtha;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitidrâtha;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitivangha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashâvakhsha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nemôvanghu, the son of Vaêdhayangha.
110. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîsadha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashâvanghu, the son of Bivandangha 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garô-danghu, the son of Pairistîra 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Neremyazdana, the son of Âthwyôza.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Berezisnu, the son of Ara;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kasupatu, the son of Ara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy ASTVAT-ERETA 1.
111. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaopi-vanghu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Hãm-baretar vanghvãm 2.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Staotar-Vahistahê-Ashyêhê 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourudhâkhsti, the son of Khstâvaênya;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khshoiwrâspa, the son of Khstâvaênya.
112. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ayôasti, the son of Pouru-dhâkhsti 4;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohv-asti, the son of Pouru-dhâkhsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gayadhâsti, the son of Pouru-dhâkhsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asha-vazdah, the son of Pouru-dhâkhsti 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urûdhu, the son of Pouru-dhâkhsti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khshathrô-kinah, the son of Khshvôiwrâspa 2.
113. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashâhura, the son of Gîsti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâyazanta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frenah, the son of Frâyazanta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garô-vanghu, the son of Frâyazanta.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy Ashavazdah and Thrita, the sons of Sâyuzdri 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-raokah, the son of Varakasa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Areganghant, the Turanian 4.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usinemah.
114. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yukhtâspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashaskyaothna, the son of Gayadhâsti 5.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-nemah, the son of Katu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-vazdah, the son of Katu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Asha-sairyãk;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Zairyãk.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kâkhshni.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Syâvâspi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourusti, the son of Kavi.
115. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmapa, the son of Ganara.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nanârâsti, the son of Paêshatah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zarazdâti, the son of Paêshatah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaêvani, the son of Vohu-nemah 1.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy Arezva and Srûta-spâdha.
We worship the Fravashis 2 of the holy Zrayah and Spentô-khratu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varsni, the son of Vâgereza.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâkya, the son of Taurvâti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vahmaêdâta, the son of Mãthravâka 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ustra, the son of Sadhanah.
116. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghu-srûta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghu-frâdhah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aspô-padhô-makhsti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Payanghrô-makhsti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ustâzanta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasavah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashô-urvatha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haomô-hvarenah.
117. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fraya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usnâka.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvanvant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daênô-vazah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aregaona.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aiwihvarenah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huyazata.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haredhaspa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pâzinah.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvâkhshathra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashô-paoirya.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy ASTVAT-ERETA 1.
118. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hugau.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Anghuyu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gâuri;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yûsta, the son of Gâuri.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mãzdrâvanghu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Srîrâvanghu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âyûta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Sûrôyazata.
119. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Eredhwa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ravi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshan, the son of the great Vîdi-sravah, known afar 2.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanghu-dhâta, the son of Hvadhâta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uzya, the son of Vanghu-dhâta;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frya.
120. We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yêNhê-raokau;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yêNhê-vereza;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yahmâi-ustâ 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yôista 2, of the Fryâna house.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmânara, the son of Paêshatah Paitisrîra 3, to withstand the evil done by one's kindred 4.
121. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Spiti 5, the son of Uspãsnu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Erezrâspa, the son of Uspãsnu 6.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usadhan, the son of Mazdayasna.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâdat-vanghu, the son of Stivant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Raokas-kaêshman 7;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvare-kaêshman 7.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frasrûtâra;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîsrûtâra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Baremna.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visrûta.
122. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvaspa 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kathwaraspa 2.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dawrâmaêshi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fraoraostra, the son of Kaosha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frînâspa, the son of Kaêva.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâdat-nara, the son of Gravâratu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-ustra, the son of Ãkhnangha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîvareshvant, the son of Ainyu.
123. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frârâzi, the son of Tûra 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Stipi, the son of Ravant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parshanta, the son of Gandarewa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avahya, the son of Spenta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aêta, the son of Mâyu;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yaêtus-gau, the son of Vyâtana.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garsta, the son of Kavi.
124. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pouru-bangha, the son of Zaosha.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohudâta, the son of Kâta.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Baungha, the son of Saungha.
We worship the Fravashis 1 of the holy Hvareza and Ankasa.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aravaostra, the son of Erezvat-danghu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâkithra, the son of Berezvant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohu-peresa, the son of Ainyu.
125. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parôdasma, the son of Dâstâghni, a Mîza man of the Mîza land.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy Fratîra and Baêshatastîra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and pure Avare-gau, the son of Aoighimatastîra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaomant, the son of Zavan, a Raozdya man of the Raozdya land.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thrit, the son of Aêvo-saredha-fyaêsta, a Tanya man of the Tanya land.
126. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tîrô-nakathwa, of the Uspaêsta-Saêna house 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Utayuti Vit-kavi, the son of Zighri, of the Saêna house 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frôhakafra, the son of Merezîshmya, of the Saêna house 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmô-raokah, the son of Perethu-afzem.
127. We worship the Fravashis 2 of the holy Asha-nemah and Vîdat-gau, of this country.
We worship the Fravashis 2 of the holy Parishat-gau and Dâzgara-gau, of the Apakhshîra country.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hufravâkhs, of the Kahrkana house 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Akayadha, of the Pîdha house 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gâmâspa, the younger 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Maidhyô-maungha, the younger 4.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urvatat-nara, the younger 5.
128. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Raokas-kaêsman;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvare-kaêsman;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frâdat-hvarenah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varedat-hvarenah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vouru-nemah;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vouru-savah 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyat-ereta 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyat-nemah 3;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy ASTVAT-ERETA 4;
129. Whose name will be the victorious SAOSHYANT and whose name will be Astvat-ereta. He will be SAOSHYANT (the Beneficent One), because he will benefit the whole bodily world; he will be ASTVAT-ERETA (he who makes the bodily creatures
rise up), because as a bodily creature and as a living creature he will stand against the destruction of the bodily creatures, to withstand the Drug of the two-footed brood, to withstand the evil done by the faithful 1.
130. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yima 2, the son of Vîvanghant; the valiant Yima, who had flocks at his wish 3; to stand against the oppression caused by the Daêvas, against the drought that destroys pastures, and against death that creeps unseen 4.
131. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thraêtaona, of the Âthwya house 5; to stand against itch, hot fever, humours, cold fever, and incontinency 6, to stand against the evil done by the Serpent 7.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aoshnara, the son of Pouru-gîra 8.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uzava, the son of Tûmâspa 9.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aghraêratha, the demi-man 1.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Manus-kithra, the son of Airyu 2.
132. We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Kavâta 3;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Aipivanghu 4;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Usadhan 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Arshan 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Pisanah 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Byârshan 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Syâvarshan 6;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Husravah 6;
133. For the well-shapened Strength 7, for the Victory made by Ahura, for the crushing Ascendant; for the righteousness of the law, for the innocence of
the law, for the unconquerable power of the law; for the extermination of the enemies at one stroke;
134. And for the vigour of health, for the Glory made by Mazda, for the health of the body, and for a good, virtuous offspring, wise, chief in assemblies, bright, and clear-eyed, that frees [their father] from the pangs [of hell], of good intellect; and for that part in the blessed world that falls to wisdom and to those who do not follow impiety;
135. For a dominion full of splendour, for a long, long life, and for all boons and remedies; to withstand the Yâtus and Pairikas, the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf; to withstand the evil done by oppressors 1.
136. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Keresâspa 2, the Sâma 3, the club-bearer with plaited hair; to withstand the dreadful arm and the hordes with the wide battle array, with the many spears, with the straight spears, with the spears uplifted, bearing the spears of havoc; to withstand the dreadful brigand who works destruction 4, the man-slayer who has no mercy; to withstand the evil done by the brigand.
137. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Âkhrûra 5, the son of Husravah;
To withstand the wicked one that deceives his friend and the niggard that causes the destruction of the world 6.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Haoshyangha;
To withstand the Mâzainya Daêvas and the Varenya fiends; to withstand the evil done by the Daêvas 1.
138. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradhâkhsti, the son of the jar 2,
To withstand Aêshma, the fiend of the wounding spear, and the Daêvas that grow through Aêshma; to withstand the evil done by Aêshma.
139. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvôvi 3.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thriti;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pouru-kista 4.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hutaosa 5;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huma 6.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zairiki.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vîspa-taurvashi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ustavaiti.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tusnâmaiti.
140. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of Usenemah 1;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of the son of Frâyazanta 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of the son of Khshôiwrâspa 3;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of Gayadhâsti 4.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asabani, the wife of Pourudhâkhsti 5.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyeinti, the wife of Staotar-Vahistahê-Ashyêhê 6.
141. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Vadhût.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Gaghrûdh.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Franghâdh.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Urûdhayant.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Paêsanghanu.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvaredhi.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hukithra.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kanuka.
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Srûtat-fedhri 1.
142. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Vanghu-fedhri 2;
We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Eredat-fedhri 3, who is called Vîspa-taurvairi. She is Vîspa-taurvairi (the all-destroying) because she will bring him forth, who will destroy the malice of Daêvas and men, to withstand the evil done by the Gahi 4.
143. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Aryan countries;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Aryan countries.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Turanian countries 5;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Turanian countries.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Sairimyan countries 6;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Sairimyan countries.
144. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Sâini countries 1;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Sâini countries.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Dâhi countries 2;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Dâhi countries.
We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in all countries;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in all countries.
145. We worship all the good, awful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, from Gaya Maretan down to the victorious Saoshyant 3. May the Fravashis of the faithful come quickly to us! May they come to our help!
146. They protect us when in distress with manifest assistance, with the assistance of Ahura Mazda and of the holy, powerful Sraosha, and with the Mãthra-Spenta, the all-knowing, who hates the Daêvas with a mighty hate, a friend of Ahura Mazda, whom Zarathustra worshipped so greatly in the material world.
147. May the good waters and the plants and
the Fravashis of the faithful abide down here! May you be rejoiced and well received in this house! Here are the Âthravans of the countries 1, thinking of good holiness. Our hands are lifted up for asking help, and for offering a sacrifice unto you, O most beneficent Fravashis!
148. We worship the Fravashis of all the holy men and holy women whose souls are worthy of sacrifice 2, whose Fravashis are worthy of invocation.
We worship the Fravashis of all the holy men and holy women, our sacrificing to whom makes us good in the eyes of Ahura Mazda: of all of those we have heard that Zarathustra is the first and best, as a follower of Ahura and as a performer of the law.
149. We worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi 3 of men of the primitive law 4, of the first who listened to the teaching (of Ahura), holy men and holy women, who struggled for holiness 5; we worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi of our next-of-kin, holy men and holy women, who struggled for holiness 5.
150. We worship the men of the primitive law who will be in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries;
We worship the men of the primitive law who have been in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries;
We worship the men of the primitive law who are in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries.
151. We worship the men of the primitive law
in all houses, boroughs, towns, and countries, who obtained these houses, who obtained these boroughs, who obtained these towns, who obtained these countries, who obtained holiness, who obtained the Mãthra, who obtained the [blessedness of the] soul, who obtained all the perfections of goodness.
152. We worship Zarathustra, the lord and master of all the material world, the man of the primitive law; the wisest of all beings, the best-ruling of all beings, the brightest of all beings, the most glorious of all beings, the most worthy of sacrifice amongst all beings, the most worthy of prayer amongst all beings, the most worthy of propitiation amongst all beings, the most worthy of glorification amongst all beings, whom we call well-desired and worthy of sacrifice and prayer as much as any being can be, in the perfection of his holiness.
153. We worship this earth;
We worship those heavens;
We worship those good things that stand between (the earth and the heavens) and that are worthy of sacrifice and prayer and are to be worshipped by the faithful man.
154. We worship the souls of the wild beasts and of the tame 1.
We worship the souls of the holy men and women, born at any time, whose consciences struggle, or will struggle, or have struggled, for the good.
155. We worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi of the holy men and holy women who struggle, will struggle, or have struggled, and teach the Law, and who have struggled for holiness.
Yênhê hâtãm: All those beings to whom Ahura Mazda . . .
Yathâ ahû vairyô: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness . . . .
156. The Fravashis of the faithful, awful and overpowering, awful and victorious; the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law; the Fravashis of the next-of-kin; may these Fravashis come satisfied into this house; may they walk satisfied through this house!
157. May they, being satisfied, bless this house with the presence of the kind Ashi Vanguhi! May they leave this house satisfied! May they carry back from here hymns and worship to the Maker, Ahura Mazda, and the Amesha-Spentas! May they not leave this house of us, the worshippers of Mazda, complaining!
158. Yathâ ahû vairyô: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness . . . .
I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the faithful; of the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law; of the Fravashis of the next-of-kin.
Ashem Vohû.: Holiness is the best of all good. . . .
[Give] unto that man 1 brightness and glory, . . . . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.
180:1 The so-called paoiryô-tkaêsha: the primitive law is what 'is considered as the true Mazdayasnian religion in all ages, both before and after the time of Zaratûst' (West, Pahlavi Texts, I, 242, note 1); cf. § 150.
180:2 Cf. § 19.
181:1 Reading mainyu-tâstô; cf. Yt. X, 90,143, and in this very paragraph vanghanem mainyu-tâstem.
181:2 A division of the earth different from and older than the division into seven Karshvares; cf. Yasna XI, 7 [21]; this division was derived by analogy from the tripartite division of the universe (earth, atmosphere, and heaven).
181:3 Yt. V, 1.
181:4 §§ 5-8 = Yt. V, 2-5.
182:1 §§ 4-8 = Yt. V, 1-5.
182:2 There are five classes of animals: those living in waters (upâpa), those living under the ground (upasma = upa-zema), the flying ones (fraptargat), the running ones (ravaskarant), the grazing ones (kangranghâk); Vispêrad I, 1 seq.; Yt. XIII, 74. The representatives of those several classes are the kar mâhî fish, the ermine, the karsipt, the hare, and the ass-goat (Pahl. Comm. ad Visp. l. l.).
183:1 See Vend. IV, 40 [137].
183:2 Doubtful.
183:3 ? Derewda.
183:4 A ποιμὴν λαῶν.
183:5 Who learns well, who has the gaoshô-srûta khratu.
184:1 Or, 'who wishes for wisdom' (lore; khratukâta = khratukinah).
184:2 Yô nâidhyanghô gaotemahê parô ayau parstôit avâiti. This seems to be an allusion to controversies with the Buddhists or Gotama's disciples, whose religion had obtained a footing in the western parts of Iran as early as the second century before Christ. Nâidhyanghô means a heretic, an Ashemaogha (see Pahl. Comm. ad Yasna XXXIV, 8).
184:3 See above, p. 180, note 1.
184:4 See above, p. 165, note 1.
185:1 Cf. § 1.
185:2 See Yt. X, 115, note.
185:3 See § 143, text and note.
185:4 See § 11.
186:1 Cf. § 40.
186:2 Fréritau: cf. fréreti = farnâmisn, âdesa (Yasna VIII, 2 [4]).
186:3 With alms (ashô-dâd).
186:4 Cf. § 36.
186:5 Doubtful.
186:6 Defensive arms.
186:7 To flee.
186:8 Cf. § 23.
187:1 Cf. §§ 11, 22.
187:2 They are compared to horses; cf. Yt. VIII, 2.
187:3 Their beauty is seen afar. One manuscript has 'known afar;' another, 'whose eyesight reaches far.'
188:1 All the beneficent powers hidden in the earth, in the waters, and in the sun, and which Ashi Vanguhi (Yt. XVII) imparts to man.
188:2 Doubtful: urvaênaitîs.
189:1 Cf. § 25.
189:2 Yâstô-zayau.
189:3 Doubtful.
189:4 Yt. V, 72.
189:5 Doubtful.
189:6 Hvîra; see Études Iraniennes, II, 183.
189:8 Doubtful (asabana).
190:1 Cf. § 24
190:2 'The chief creatures;' cf. Gâh II, 8.
190:3 Saoka; cf. Sîrôzah I, 3, note.
190:4 Cf. Yt. VIII, 9, and 34, note.
190:5 Tat-âpem.
190:6 See above, p. 182, note 2.
190:7 Cf. § 10.
191:1 Doubtful.
191:2 Literally, blows them within.
191:3 Cf. Yt. X, 9.
191:4 See above, p. 12, note 12.
192:1 The sixth and last Gâhambâr (see Âfrîgân Gâhambâr), or the last ten days of the year (10th-20th March), including the last five days of the last month, Sapendârmad, and the five complementary days. These last ten days should be spent in deeds of charity, religious banquets (gasan), and ceremonies in memory of the dead. It was also at the approach of the spring that the Romans and the Athenians used to offer annual sacrifices to the dead; the Romans in February 'qui tunc extremus anni mensis erat' (Cicero, De Legibus, II, 21), the Athenians on the third day of the Anthesterion feast (in the same month). The souls of the dead were supposed to partake of the new life then beginning to circulate through nature, that had also been dead during the long months of winter.
192:2 Perhaps: asking for help, thus.
192:3 Frînât: who will pronounce the Âfrîn?
192:4 To be given in alms to poor Mazdayasnians (ashô-dâd).
192:5 Asha-nasa: that makes him reach the condition of one of the blessed (ahlâyîh arzânîk, Vend. XVIII, 6 [17]): the Sanskrit translation has, 'that is to say, that makes him worthy of a great reward.'
192:6 As in the invocations from § 87 to the end.
192:7 An allusion to the formula: 'I sacrifice to the Fravashi of my own soul,' Yasna XXIII, 4 [6].
193:1 Stâhyô: stutikaro (Sansk. tr.; cf. Âtash Nyâyis, 10).
193:2 §§ 49-52 are a part of the so-called Âfrîgân Dahmân (a prayer recited in honour of the dead); a Sanskrit translation of that Âfrîgân has been published by Burnouf in his Études zendes.
193:3 In winter.
193:4 Doubtful. The word is hvawrîra, which Aspendiârji makes synonymous with hvâpara, kind, merciful (Vispêrad XXI [XXIV], 1).
194:1 Bundahis VI, 3.
194:2 To keep the white Hôm there from the evil beings that try to destroy it (Minokhirad LXII, 28).
194:3 See above, p. 97, note 4.
195:1 Keresâspa lies asleep in the plain of Pêsyânsâi; 'the glory (far) of heaven stands over him for the purpose that, when Az-i-Dahâk becomes unfettered, he may arise and slay him; and a myriad guardian spirits of the righteous are as a protection to him' (Bundahis XXIX, 8; tr. West).
195:2 'Zaratûst went near unto Hvôv (Hvôgvi, his wife) three times, and each time the seed went to the ground; the angel Nêryôsang received the brilliance and strength of that seed, delivered it with care to the angel Anâhîd, and in time will blend it with a mother' (Bundahis XXXII, 8). A maid, Eredat-fedhri, bathing in Lake Kãsava, will conceive by that seed and bring forth the Saviour Saoshyant; his two fore-runners, Ukhshyat-ereta and Ukhshyat-nemah, will be born in the same way of Srûtat-fedhri and Vanghu-fedhri (Yt. XIII, 141-142).
195:3 With alms.
196:1 Cf. Yt. XIX, 56 seq.; VIII, 34.
196:2 Doubtful.
197:1 Cf. Yt. I, 19.
197:2 Cf. § 50.
197:3 Âsna = âzana (?).
197:5 Cf. Yt. XIII, 10.
198:1 There seems to be in this paragraph a distinction of five faculties of the soul, âsna, mana, daêna, urvan, fravashi. The usual classification, as given in this Yast, § 149, and in later Parsism (Spiegel, Die traditionelle Literatur der Parsen, p. 172), is: ahu, spirit of life (?); daêna, conscience; baodhô, perception; urvan, the soul; fravashi.
198:2 The Fravashis, 'on war horses and spear in hand, were around the sky . . . . and no passage was found by the evil spirit, who rushed back' (Bund. VI, 3-4; tr. West).
198:3 Cf. Ormazd et Ahriman, § 107.
199:1 That is to say, after their different kinds (described in Yasna XXXVIII, 3, 5 [7-9, 13-14]; LXVIII, 8 [LXVII, 15]; and Bund. XXI).
199:2 After their kinds (Bund. XXVII).
199:3 Cf. Yasna I, 1.
200:1 The Vedic devayâna.
200:2 Cf. Yt. XIX, 15, 17.
200:3 Urvâzista. As a proper name Urvâzista is the name of the fire in plants (Yasna XVII, 11 [65], and Bund. XVII, 1).
200:4 At the hearth and the altar.
200:5 See Yt. XI.
200:6 See Vend. XXII, 7.
200:7 See Yt. XII.
200:8 See Yt. X.
200:9 The Holy Word.
200:10 See Sîrôzah I, 12.
200:11 Of mankind; possibly, of Gaya (Maretan).
200:12 Doubtful.
200:13 The first man. On the myths of Gaya Maretan, see Ormazd et Ahriman, §§ 129-135.
201:1 As having established those three classes. His three earthly sons, Isat-vâstra, Urvatat-nara, and Hvare-kithra (§ 98), were the chiefs of the three classes. Cf. Vend. Introd. III, 15, note 3.
201:2 Doubtful.
201:3 Cf. Yasna XXIX, 8.
201:4 The divine Order, Asha.
201:5 The wheel of sovereignty (?); cf. Yt. X, 67; this expression smacks of Buddhism.
201:6 Who first pronounced the Ashem Vohû; cf. Yt. XXI.
202:1 Material lord and spiritual master.
202:2 The reciter of the Ashem Vohû.
202:3 Cf. Vend. XIX, 46 [143].
202:4 See Sîrôzah I, 9, note.
203:1 Maidhyô-maungha was the cousin and first disciple of Zarathustra; Zarathustra's father, Pourushaspa, and Ârâsti were brothers (Bund. XXXII, 3); cf. Yasna LI [L], 19.
203:2 Cf. p. 33, note 2; Yt. XXII, 37.
203:3 Another Parsat-gaus is mentioned § 126.
203:4 Possibly, 'the holy falcon, praiser of the lord;' thus the Law was brought to the Var of Yima by the bird Karsipta (Vend. II, 42), who recites the Avesta in the language of birds (Bund. XIX, 16): the Saêna-bird (Sîmurgh) became in later literature a mythical incarnation of Supreme wisdom (see the Mantik uttair and Dabistân I, 55).
203:5 Who was the first regular teacher, the first aêthrapaiti.
204:1 'By Zaratûst were begotten three sons and three daughters; one son was Isadvâstar, one Aûrvatad-nar, and one Khûrshêd-kîhar; as Isadvâstar was chief of the priests he became the Môbad of Môbads, and passed away in the hundredth year of the religion; Aûrvatad-nar was an agriculturist, and the chief of the enclosure formed by Yim, which is below the earth (see Vend. II, 43 [141]); Khûrshêd-kîhar was a warrior, commander of the army of Pêshyôtanû, son of Vistâsp (see Yt. XXIV, 4), and dwells in Kangdez; and of the three daughters the name of one was Frên, of one Srît, and of one Pôrukîst (see Yt. XIII, 139). Aûrvatad-nar and Khûrshêd-kîhar were from a serving (kakar) wife, the rest were from a privileged (pâdakhshah) wife' (Bund. XXXII, 5-6; tr. West).
204:2 According to Anquetil, 'the threefold seed of Spitama Zarathustra;' cf. above, § 62.
204:3 The king of Bactra, the champion of Zoroastrism; cf. Yt. V, 98,108.
205:1 Druga paurvanka, possibly, 'with the spear pushed forwards' (reading druka).
205:2 Daêna, the religion.
205:3 Cf. Yt. II, 15.
205:4 A generic name of the people called elsewhere Varedhakas (Yt. IX, 31; XVII, 51) or Hvyaonas (ibid. and XIX, 87). The Hunus have been compared with the Hunni; but it is not certain that this is a proper name; it may be a disparaging denomination, meaning the brood (hunu = Sansk. sûnu; cf. Yt. X, 113).
205:5 Zarîr, the brother of Vîstâspa and son of Aurvat-aspa (see Yt. V, 112). The ten following seem to be the names of the other sons of Aurvat-aspa (Bund. XXXI, 29).
205:6 Possibly the same with Pât-Khosrav, a brother to Vîstâspa in the Yâdkâr-î Zarîrân, as Mr. West informs me.
206:1 Gustahm, the son of Nodar; see Yt. V, 76. Strangely enough, Tusa is not mentioned here, unless he is the same with one of the preceding names: possibly the words 'the son of Naotara' (Naotairyâna) refer to all the four.
206:2 Possibly Frashîdvard
(misspelt from a Pahlavi form Frasânvard
(?); the Yâdkâr-î Zarîrân, as Mr. West informs me, has
and
). Frashîdvard was a son of Gustâsp: he was killed by one of Argâsp's heroes and avenged by his brother Isfendyâr (Speñtô-dâta). The following names would belong to his brothers: most of them contain the word Âtar, in honour of the newly-adopted worship of fire.
207:1 Isfendyâr, the heroic son of Gûstâsp, killed by Rustem.
207:2 In the Yâdkâr-î Zarîrân, according to Mr. West, Bastvar, the son of Zairivairi, whose death he avenges on his murderer Vîdrafs. This makes Bastavairi identical with the Nastûr
of Firdausi (read Bastûr
).
207:3 Kavârazem is the Gurezm of later tradition (
), 'the jealous brother of Isfendyâr, whom he slandered to his father and caused to be thrown into prison' (Burhân qâti’h). Firdausi (IV, 432) has only that he was a relation to Gûstâsp:
. See Études Iraniennes, II, 230.
207:4 Who gave his daughter, Hvôvi, in marriage to Zarathustra (Yasna L [XLIX], 4, 17).
207:5 See Yt. V, 68.
208:1 Another brother to Frashaostra (?).
208:2 The son of Gâmâsp in the Shâh Nâmah is called Girâmî and Garâmîk-kard in the Yâdkâr-î Zarîrân.
208:3 ? Aoiwra.
208:4 Aêthrapati, in Parsi hêrbad, a priest, whose special function is to teach; his pupils were called aêthrya. Aêthrapati meant literally 'the master of the hearth' (cf. hêrkodah, fire-temple). Hamidhpati is literally 'the master of the sacrificial log.'
208:5 Doubtful.
208:6 No temporal lord (ahu) and no spiritual master (ratu).
208:7 Doubtful (avaskasta-fravashinãm).
208:8 The evil done by Zoroastrians. This Mãthravâka ('Proclaimer p. 209 of the Holy Word') was apparently a great doctor and confounder of heresies.
209:1 See above, § 95.
209:2 Possibly the eponym of that great Kâren family, which played so great a part in the history of the Sassanian times, and traced its origin to the time of Gûstâsp (Noeldeke, Geschichte der Perser zur Zeit der Sasaniden, p. 437).
209:3 Cf. Yt. V, 64.
209:4 Cf. Yt. XIII, 99.
210:1 Amru and Kamru are apparently the two mythical birds mentioned above under the names of Sîn-amru (the Amru-falcon) and Kãmrôs (p. 173, note 1).
210:2 Mr. West compares Ashâvanghu, the son of Bivandangha, and Garôdanghu, the son of Pairistîra, with the two high-priests of the Karshvares of Arezahi and Savahi, whose names are, in the p. 211 Bundahis, Ashâshagahad-ê Hvandkân and Hoazarôdathhri-ê Parêstyarô (Bund. XXIX, 1, notes 4 and 5).
211:1 Saoshyant; cf. §§ 117, 128.
211:2 Possibly, 'the holy Hãm-baretar vanghvãm, the son of Takhma.' His name means, 'the gatherer of good things.'
211:3 This name means, 'the praiser of excellent holiness' (the reciter of the Ashem Vohû).
211:4 See preceding paragraph.
212:1 One of the seven immortals, rulers in Hvaniratha; cf. Yt. V, 72, text and notes, and Yt. XIII, 120, 124.
212:2 See preceding paragraph.
212:3 See Yt. V, 72. The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. Yt. V, 116, note, and Yt. XIII, 115.
212:4 Cf. Yt. XIII, 143. Possibly, the son of Tûra.
212:5 Cf. § 112.
213:1 There are two men of this name; one is the son of Katu (§ 114), the other is the son of Avâraostri (§ 104).
213:2 The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. preceding page, note 3.
213:3 See § 105.
215:1 Saoshyant; cf. §§ 110, 128.
215:2 Perhaps, Ukhshan, the conqueror of glory, known afar, son of Berezvant.
216:1 One of the immortals, rulers in Hvaniratha: he is said to belong to the Fryâna family (Dâdistân XC, 3); he resides in the district of the river Nâîvtâk (Bund. XXIX, 5).
216:2 See Yt. V, 81.
216:3 Paitisrîra is perhaps an epithet (most beautiful?), added to distinguish Paêshatah from the hero mentioned in § 115.
216:4 An allusion to some legend of domestic feud of which Paêshatah was the hero.
216:5 The high-priest of the Fradadhafshu Karshvare (Spîtoîd-i Aûspôsînân; Bund. XXIX, 1; tr. West, note 6).
216:6 The high-priest of the Vîdadhafshu Karshvare (Aîrîz-râsp Aûspôsînân; see ibid., note 7).
216:7 Cf. §128.
217:1 Probably the same with Huvâsp, the high-priest in the Vourubaresti Karshvare (Bund. XXIX, 1; tr. West, note 8).
217:2 Possibly the same with the high-priest in the Vouru-garesti karshvare, Kakhravâk (ibid., note 9). Kakhravâk is the generic name of the bird Karshipta (Pahl. Comm. ad II, 42 [139]); it must stand here by mistake for Kahârâsp.
217:3 Or, 'the Turanian;' cf. § 113.
218:1 The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. §§ 113, 127.
219:1 See Études Iraniennes, II, 142.
219:2 The text has 'the Fravashi;' cf. § 113.
219:3 Different from Gâmâspa, the son of Hvôva (§ 103).
219:4 Different from Maidhyô-maungha, the son of Arâsti (§ 95).
219:5 Different from. Urvatat-nara, the son of Zarathustra (§ 98).
220:1 The six foremost helpers of Saoshyant, each in one of the six Karshvares: 'It is said that in the fifty-seven years, which are the period of the raising of the dead, Rôshanô-kashm in Arzâh, Khûr-kashm in Savâh, Frâdad-gadman (Frâdat-hvarenô, Increaser of Glory) in Fradadâfsh, Vâredad-gadman (Varedat-hvarenô, Multiplier of Glory) in Vîdadâfsh, Kâmak-vakhshisn (Vouru-nemô, Prayer-loving) in Vôrûbarst, and Kâmak-sûd (Vouru-savô, Weal-loving) in Vôrû-garst, while Sôshâns in the illustrious and pure Khvanîras is connected with them, are immortal. The completely good sense, perfect hearing, and full glory of those seven producers of the renovation are so miraculous that they converse from region unto region, every one together with the six others' (Dâdistân XXXVI, 5-6; tr. West).
220:2 The first brother and forerunner to Saoshyant, the Oshedar mâh of later tradition (see above, p. 196, note 2; cf. § 141, note).
220:3 The second brother and forerunner to Saoshyant, the Oshedar bâmî of later tradition (ibid.; cf. § 142, note).
220:4 Saoshyant; cf. following paragraph and §§ 110; 117.
221:1 He will suppress both the destructive power of the men of the Drug (idolaters and the like) and the errors of Mazdayasnians (?).
221:2 See above, p. 25, note 4.
221:3 Vouru-vãthwa; cf. Études Iraniennes, II, 182.
221:4 As he made waters and trees undrying, cattle and men undying.
221:5 See above, p. 61, note 1.
221:6 As the inventor of medicine; see Vend. XX, Introd.
221:7 Disease, being a poison, comes from the Serpent; see ibid.
221:8 Or 'Aoshnara, full of wisdom;' cf. Yt. XXIII, 2, and West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 171, note 3.
221:9 Called in the Shah Nâmah Zab, son of Tahmâsp, who appears to have been a son of Nodar (Bund. XXXI, 23).
222:1 See above, p. 114, note 7 (Yt. IX, 18).
222:2 Airyu, the youngest of the three sons of Thraêtaona (seep. 61, note i), was killed by his brothers and avenged by his son Manus-kithra, who succeeded Thraêtaona.
222:3 Kavâta, Kai Qobâd in the Shâh Nâmah, an adoptive son to Uzava, according to Bund. XXXI, 24.
222:4 Kaî-Apîveh in the Bundahis; he was the son of Kai Qobâd.
222:5 Usadhan, Arshan, Pisanah, and Byârshan were the four sons of Aipivanghu; they are called in Firdausi Kai Kaus, Kai Arish, Kai Pashîn, and Kai Armin. Kai Kaus alone came to the throne.
222:6 Syâvakhsh and Khosrav; see above, p. 64, note 1.
222:7 To become possessed of Strength, Victory, &c., as Husravah did.
223:1 Like Frangrasyan; cf. p. 64, note 1.
223:2 See Yt. V, 37; XV, 27; XIX, 38.
223:3 Belonging to the Sâma family (Yasna IX, 10).
223:4 Like the nine highwaymen killed by Keresâspa, Yt. XIX, 41.
223:5 Not mentioned in the Shâh Nâmah; Khosrav was succeeded by a distant relation, Lôhrasp.
223:6 An allusion to the lost legend of Âkhrûra; see, however, West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 375.
224:1 See Yt. V, 21-23.
224:2 Khumbya, one of the immortals in Hvaniratha; he resides in the Pêsyânsaî plain: 'he is Hvembya for this reason, because they brought him up in a hvemb (jar) for fear of Khashm' (Bund. XXIX, 5). He answers pretty well to the Agastya and Vasishtha of the Vedic legend (see Ormazd et Ahriman, § 177).
224:3 One of the three wives of Zarathustra, the daughter of Frashaostra; she is the supposed mother of Saoshyant and his brothers (see p. 195, note 2).
224:4 The three daughters of Zarathustra and sisters to Isadvâstar (see p. 204, note 1).
224:5 Vîstâspa's wife; see Yt. IX, 26, and XVII, 46.
224:6 Vîstâspa's daughter, Humâi, in the Shah Nâmah.
225:1 See § 113.
225:2 Of Frenah or Garô-vanghu, § 113.
225:3 Of Khshathrô-kinah, § 112.
225:4 See § 112.
225:5 See § 111.
225:6 Ibid.
226:1 Ukhshyat-ereta's mother (see above, § 126); the Saddar Bundahis (Études Iraniennes, II, 209) calls her Bad, from the last part of her name (fedhri for padhri, and states that, bathing in Lake Kãsava, she will become pregnant from the seed of Zarathustra, that is preserved there (see above, p. 195, note 2), and she will bring forth a son, Oshedar bâmî.
226:2 Ukhshyat-nemah's mother, called Vah Bad in the Saddar; she will conceive in the same way as Srûtat-fedhri.
226:3 Saoshyant's mother.
226:4 Cf. Vend. XIX, 5, and Introd. IV, 39-40.
226:5 Gôgôsasp (a commentator to the Avesta) says, 'There are holy men in all religions, as appears from the words tûiryanãm dahvyunãm [We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Turanian countries],' (Pahl. Comm. ad Vend. III, end; and Vend. V, 38 [122]); cf. above, §§ 113, 123.
226:6 The countries inherited by Sairima (Seim), the third son of p. 227 Thraêtaona, as Turan and Iran were inherited by Tûra and Airyu. Selm's heritage was Rûm, that is to say, Europa and Western Asia.
227:1 China (Bund. XV, 29).
227:2 Perhaps the Dahae (Pliny VI, 17; Aeneis VIII, 728) or Δάαι (Strabo), called Ta-hia by Chinese geographers, on the south of the Oxus.
227:3 From the first man to the last.
228:1 Itinerant priests are received here.
228:2 Doubtful.
228:4 The Paoiryô-tkaêsas; see p. 180, note 1.
228:5 For the triumph of the Zoroastrian law.
229:1 Daitika, Persian
; Neriosengh has 'that go by herds,' paṅktikârin. Aidyu; the Pahlavi translation has ayyâr, 'that are of help' (domesticated?); Neriosengh has misread it as suvâr and translated açvacârin. The expression daitika aidyu answers to the Persian
, meaning all sorts of animals (see Études Iraniennes, II, 150).
230:1 Who shall worship the Fravashis.