The dream of a golden age, first expressed by Hesiod, and philosophical writings such as Plato's Republic, has become a recurring theme in literature. Many have attempted to define the ideal society. For some, the dream has turned into a nightmare, a dystopia. This page includes the best of these speculations.

Utopia
by Sir Thomas More [1516]
Mores' work is a fictional travelogue to a country named 'Utopia', which means 'nowhere' in Greek.

The New Atlantis
by Francis Bacon [1627]
A short utopian travelogue by the inventor of the scientific method.

The City of the Sun
by Tommaso Campanella [1637]
Along with More, Campanella wrote one of the first early modern utopias.

The Republic
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
One of the first speculations about a planned society.

Erewhon, or Over the Range
by Samuel Butler [1872]
An influential 19th century satiric dystopia.

The Communistic Societies of the United States
by Charles Nordhoff [1875]
Firsthand view of the 19th century US communal living movement, including the Shakers.

Looking Backwards
by Edward Bellamy [1888]
Bellamy's classic utopian vision of the year 2000.

Cæsar's Column
by Ignatius Donnelly [1890]
Donnelly's dystopian novel with a utopian twist. This book contains many 19th century assumptions which may test your limits of political correctness, along with some stupifyingly correct predictions.

News from Nowhere
by William Morris [1891]
William Morris' vision of a socialist England.

Unveiling a Parallel
by Alice Ilgenfritz Jones and Ella Merchant [1893]
A trip to Mars, where a strange society which practices equality of the sexes.

A Modern Utopia
by H.G. Wells [1909]
Wells' 'novel of ideas' set on a parallel Earth.

The Iron Heel
by Jack London [1909]
Jack London's dystopian vision of a brutal future past.

Garden Cities of To-morrow
by Ebenezer Howard [1902]
A very influential early city planner's vision of the city of the future--which became a very successful reality.

Herland
by Charlotte Perkins Stetson Gilman [1906]
Visit a land where women are the only gender, reproduce asexually, and worship a goddess. Classic of feminist scifi.

The Story of Utopias
by Lewis Mumford [1922]
A survey of the literature of utopias, by a pioneer of city planning.