CHAPTER III

1 Adriani, 18981 p. 368.

2 Adriani, 1910, p. 297.

3 (Loda) van Baarda, p. 465.

4 Bezemer, pp. 46 ff.

5 Cf. Melanesia, supra, p. 110.

6 Sumatra (Battak), Pleyte, 1894, pp. 117, 222; (Achin) Hurgronje, ii. 125; Mentawei Islands, Morris, p. 56; Borneo (Kayan), Nieuwenhuis, i. 67; Celebes (Minahassa), Hickson, p. 264; (Toradja) Adriani, 1898, p. 367; id. 1910, p. 297; (Tontemboan) Schwarz and Adriani, pp. 91 ff.; (Toumboeloe) P. N. Wilken, p. 326; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 98; Ternate, Riedel, in TNI III. v, part 2, 439 ff. (1871); Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 95; (Igorot) Seidenadel, p. 548; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 108.

7 New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 534; New Hebrides, Codrington, pp. 172, 397; Suas, 1912, p. 54; Macdonald, 1892, p. 731.

8 See supra, p. 64.

9 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1910, pp. 226 ff.

10 This special form of charm is wide-spread, often in the form, "If I am the son of a diwata (Sanskrit devatâ, 'divinity')," etc., etc. See for other examples Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1910, pp. 254, 300; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, pp. 395, 431; (Loda) van Baarda, pp. 410, 451, 472; (Tobelo) Hueting, pp. 244, 246, 248, 259, 278; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 135; Philippines (Subanun), Christie, p. 97.

11 For other versions see Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 271; (Loda) van Baarda, pp. 398. 407, 453, 461; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 135; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 548; Annam, Landes, 1886b, p. 302.

12 Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 398.

13 (Toradja) Adriani, 1898, p. 365.

14 See supra, p. 188.

15 See supra, p. 156.

16 For other versions see Celebes (Minahassa), P. N. Wilken, p. 323; (Bugi) Matthes, p. 441; Sumatra (Battak), Pleyte, 1894, pp. 1432 158, 297; Soemba, Wielenga, p. 176; Kei Islands, Pleyte, 1893, p. 563; Riedel, 1886, p. 217.

17 Chamberlain, pp. 119 ff.

18 F. Boas, Indianische Sagen von der Nord-Pacifischen Küste

19 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 444.

20 For other versions (usually without this ending) see van Baarda, p. 458; (Tobelo) Hueting, p. 274; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 160; Borneo (Dusun), Evans, p. 456; (Sea Dyak) Perham, in H. L. Roth, 1896, i. 301; Nias, Sundermann, 1886, p. 317; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 556.

21 Evans, p. 466.

22 This incident is known in other tales also: Celebes (Minahassa), P. N. Wilken, p. 329; Hickson, p. 266; Borneo (Milanau), Low, i. 334; (Sea Dyak) Gomes, p. 294.

23 For other versions see (Iban) Hose and Macdougall, ii. 146; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 77; Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 98; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, pp. 101, 200; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 541; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Cambodia, Leclère, p. 83; Annam, Landes, 1886b, p. 22.

24 (Dusun) Evans, p. 457.

25 (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 33.

26 The appearance of fire or a bright light marking the presence of a beautiful woman is an idea generally current in Malay and Indonesian tales.

27 For other versions see Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, p. 257; (Galela) van Dijken, pp. 391, 394; Soemba, Wielenga, p. 167; Biliton, Riedel, 1868, p. 270; Sumatra (Battak), Pleyte, 1894, p. 94; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Malay Peninsula, Skeat and Blagden, ii. 343.

28 New Britain, von Pfeil, p. 151; Kleintitschen, p. 332; Meier, 1909, p. 35; New Guinea (Kai), Keysser, p. 168; (Goodenough Bay) Ker, p. 131.

29 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 433.

30 The appearance of this distinctly Indian element is, of course, evidence that the tale is not wholly of native origin. The garuda seems often to take the place of the cannibal ogre who figures in less sophisticated stories from the tribes which were not so subject to extra-Indonesian influences.

31 Cf. Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, pp. 367, 384; Tahiti, Leverd, 1912, p. 2; Federated Malay States (Perak), Laidlaw, 1906a, p. 66.

32 For other examples of this incident see Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 264; (Loda) van Baarda, p. 455; (Tobelo) Hueting, p. 120; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 373; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 55; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 46; for Melanesian examples see New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 526; (Jabim) Zahn, p. 337; New Ireland, Peekel, p. 29. A variant type is that where the impersonator is an inanimate object: Philippines

33 This incident of a hidden person, revealed by reflection in the water, is wide-spread, not only in Indonesia, but farther east in Melanesia. For other examples see Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, p. 236; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 461; Rotti, Jonker, 1905, p. 422; Philippines (Tinguian), Cole, 1915, p. 189; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 571; (Kai) Keysser, p. 164; New Britain, Meier, 1909, p. 85; Parkinson, p. 688; von Pfeil, p. 149; Torres Straits, Haddon, 1904, p. 89; Gray, p. 657.

34 This incident of the deceitful reflection, for which a person dives in vain, is also wide-spread. For other examples see Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, p. 237; (Loda) van Baarda, p. 410; Rotti, Jonker, 1905, p. 422; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 41; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 189; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 571; (Cape King William) Stolz, p. 264; Torres Straits, Haddon, 1904) p. 34; New Hebrides, Suas, 1911, p. 908.

35 For other instances of the "Ariadne" theme see Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, pp. 425, 468; New Guinea (Cape King William), Stolz, p. 275; (Kai) Keysser, p. 169.

36 For other versions of this incident see Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, p. 368; id. 1894, p. 45; Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, p. 272; (Loda) van Baarda, p. 439.

37 Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, pp. 52 ff.

38 (Loda) van Baarda, p. 438.

39 For other comparable versions see (Tobelo) Hueting, pp. 75, 272; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, pp. 45, 60; Annam, Landes, 1886b, pp. 52 ff.; Chain, id. 1900, pp. 235 ff.; New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 526.

40 van Dijken, p. 430.

41 (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 94.

42 The incident of the husband being sent to a distant place to get food or other objects of a special sort for his wife, who is about to give birth to a child, is not uncommon. See for other examples (Subanun) Christie, p. 96; Sumatra (Dairi Battak), see supra, Part III, Chapter I, Note 26; New Zealand, White, i. 68; Hawaii, Fornander, ii. 16.

43 For other examples of a child born to a woman abandoned in a tree or pit, cf. New Guinea (Tami), Bamler, p. 537; (Goodenough Bay) Ker, p. 22; Funafuti, David, p. 107; and supra, p. 128.

44 In Tinguian tales this is the usual method in which a child is born. For other examples see Cole, 1915, pp. 38, 81, 87, 93, 151, etc. Birth from a blister or boil, or from an unusual part of the body, is a common incident in Oceanic tales. For other instances

45 This incident strongly resembles that of Maui's return to his brothers; see supra, p. 42.

46 Cf. for other examples of the life-token Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 484; Soemba, Wielenga, p. 61; New Guinea (Goodenough Bay), Ker, p. 61; Torres Straits, Haddon, 1904, p. 34; New Hebrides, Codrington, p. 401.

47 See Cole, 1915, p. 18, note 1.

48 (Loda) van Baarda, p. 394.

49 For other examples of this incident see van Baarda, p. 459; Philippines (Tinguian), Cole, 1915, p. 75; Annam, Landes, 1886b, p. 184.

50 Cf. (Tobelo) Hueting, p. 293.

51 Celebes (Minahassa), p. N. Wilken, p. 304. For other versions see (Toradja) Adriani, 1898, p. 367; (Bugi) Matthes, p. 471; Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, pp. 249, 284; (Loda) van Baarda, p. 449; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 10; Philippines (Tagalog), Gardner, pp. 266, 270.

52 For other versions of this incident see Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 370; Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, p. 251; (Loda) van Baarda, p. 416; Bali, van Eerde, pp. 43, 47; Lombok, ib. p. 36; Soemba, Wielenga, p. 255; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 53; Annam, Landes, 1886b, pp. 150, 174.