F

Fabhradh, swirl, whirl, eddy. 'Fabhradh nimheil na gaoithe ’n ear'--the venomous swirl of the east wind.

Fad-buinn, door-step, lit. sole-sod. The name originated when a grassy turf was, as it still is occasionally, the door-step. 'Fad-buinn' is also applied to a wooden, but not to a stone step, which is called 'starsach.'

Fadhdach, black, blackness, confusion; cf. 'fadhbhag,' 'fadhtag,' cuttle-fish.

Fad-seilbh, possession sod, infeftment; the sod or handful of earth given by the seller to the buyer of land.

Faileagan, meadows, little lawns; from 'fal,' sod, turf. 'Fal' enters into many combinations, as 'foid-fail,' the sod laid on the top of the wall of a thatched house; 'garradh-fail,' turf-dyke, fail-dyke; 'fal,' divots, in some places 'sgrath.'

Fairig, dead bird, dead fish, dead seal or dead whale, any creature found dead on the sea or shore.

Fairir, far-thir, probably 'oirthir,' border, coast.

Falach fuinn, land hiding; from 'falach,' hiding, and 'fuinn,' oblique of 'form,' land. 'Thainig ceo draogh air na fearaibh, agus rinn iad falach fuinn'--Magic mist came upon the men, and they made land hiding.

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Falc, flood, flooding, bathe, dip.

'Tiobartan' is on the west side and in the south end of South Uist. According to tradition, the well of Tiobartan was famous in olden times, pilgrims resorting to it from afar. Then a man brought his sick horse to it, and the spirit of the well fled shrieking, and never returned. The well is in the machair, near the sea, and is now filled up with drift sand. The term 'Tobar Tiobartain' or 'Tobar Tibirt' is curious as showing a duplication of words. 'Tiobar' means a well, synonymous with 'tobar.' 'Tobar Tiobartain' might mean 'well of wells.' There is 'Aber Tibirt' at the head of Loch Tiacais in Morvern.

'Tobar nan naoi beo,'--the well of the nine lives. This well is said to have kept nine children alive during a famine.

Healing and holy wells are very numerous in the Highlands, as elsewhere in Britain, scarcely a district being without one or more. Much interesting lore is connected with these wells, and with their curative powers and the rites observed at them.

Falluinn, falluing, garment, mantle, robe.

[paragraph continues] The robe was asseverated upon--

Farah-bhual, famh-fhual, lamh-fhual, water-mole, from 'famh,' mole, and 'bual,' water. Several names are applied to the water-shrew, as 'famh-bhual,' water-mole; 'lamh-fhual,' 'labh-alan,' water-vole, and 'bad-alan,' water-vole. Probably 'labh' and 'lamh,' arise from the influence of the n of the article on aspirated 'famh,' mole. The names of the water-mole have their counterparts in the names of the land-mole. 'Famh,' 'fomh,' mole; 'famh-uir,' earth-mole; 'famh-thalmhan,' ground-mole, 'dith-reodha' in Perthshire. The 'famh-bhual,' the mole of the water, is the counterpart of the 'famh-uir,' the mole of the earth. The two moles resemble one another in appearance and habits, but not

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in habitats. The land-mole abides under the earth, living upon earth-plants, earth-roots, and earth-insects, and moving about under the earth with surprising speed. The water-mole abides under the water, living upon water-plants, water-roots, and water-insects, and moving about under the water with marvellous rapidity.

The mysterious water-mole was much dreaded by the people. Its touch was supposed to cause paralysis, mortification, and death.

In the inimitable burlesque of Brigis Mhic Ruaraidh, the poet warns his friends against allowing the trouserless man to the moorland lest the water-shrew should come and strike him.

[paragraph continues] The giants who live in caves and underground structures go under the names of 'famh,' mole, 'famhair' and 'fuamhaire,' giant. A man much addicted to burrowing underground is called 'famh,' mole; 'famhair' and 'fuamhaire,' giant. Perhaps the 'famhair,' 'fuamhaire,' was the Titan of the Celt, the Cyclop of his underground structures, and the Fomorian of his history.

Faochaire, a knave, a betrayer, a perjurer, Judas; from 'faoch,' a curve, from which also 'faochag,' periwinkle.

[paragraph continues] --morally oblique.

Faoigh, faigh, foigh, thig, thigging, genteel begging.

[paragraph continues] The wool for the web had not been obtained by 'thigging,' which was a common practice in Britain in the Middle Ages, nor is it yet wholly extinct. In 1414 the Scottish Parliament passed an Act against 'thiggers' and 'sorners,' these being the social pests of the period. The thing begged was indicated as 'faoigh eorna,' barley thigging; 'faoigh chruidh,' cattle thigging. An old proverb says:

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[paragraph continues] When the sons and daughters of the higher classes married, they went 'air faoighe,' a-thigging, to help them to set up in the world. Others followed their example down to the lowest grade. The writer conversed with an old man of ninety-nine years of age who went round thigging with the daughter of his chief after her marriage. The lady, who was very lovely, rode a beautiful black pony, and my informant was her 'coiseachan,' footman. She and her husband were well received and hospitably entertained everywhere, and after an absence of some weeks they returned home with a miscellaneous herd, enough to stock a large farm.

Faoilleach, Faoilleach, Faoiltheachd, possibly 'the Carnival Season,' but folk-etymology, leaning upon 'faol,' wolf, makes it 'wolf-month.' During this proverbially hard period the wolf, driven from wood and mountain, approached dwellings. There are many sayings about this pressing period of the year:

These lines personify the weather under the names of animals and other figures. Here we see myths in the making.

The people disliked heat in the 'Faoilleach,' deeming it unnatural.

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[paragraph continues] The 'Gobag,' voracious one, began the day before the 'Faoilleach,' and is on this account called the mother of the 'Faoilleach'

[paragraph continues] The old people wished to have the furrows filled three times during the Wolf-month--'lan uisge, lan sneachda, lan tugha nan taighean'--full of water, full of snow, full of the thatch of the houses.

Far, the preposition 'on' used in compounds, e.g. 'farasg,' false fish, fish found dead on the sea or shore; spent fish, as 'fara-bhreac,' spent trout; 'fara-bhradan,' spent salmon; 'fara-laogh,' false calf, monstrosity; 'fara-ghaol,' false love; 'far-thir,' an out-of-the-way place; 'far-thagh,' 'foireagh,' a certain amount of farm produce allowed to farm servants in olden times.

Farch, farch-chiuil, fairchil, a musical instrument, possibly the lute, probably the lyre. The 'farch' is mentioned in the 'Lay of Fraoch,' taken down in 1861 from Kenneth Morrison, Trithion, Skye:

[paragraph continues] Probably 'farch,' the musical instrument, is from the same root as 'farchin,' 'farch-chrann,' 'fara-chrann,' bread-toaster. Both being sharply curved, the one may have borrowed the name from the other, or both may have borrowed from a common source.

Fā, fāth, vista, perspective, a long, narrow glen. 'Fath fad air falbh,' a view far away. 'Chi mi fath air na feidh'--I see a distant view of the deer. 'Ni ’m fait mi fath dhiubh'--Nor see I a view of them. Probably cognate with 'faire,' 'faireadh,' horizon.

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Feaman-chir, feamain-chirein, feamain chireineach, the channelled fucus, the crested seaweed. This seaweed lies highest on the strand--the last submerged by the flood, and first exposed by the ebb. It is said to contain more potash than any other seaweed, and on this account is much used by the people for poulticing and medicinal purposes. Boiled and mixed with meal it is given to cows and calves, pigs and poultry, principally in spring.

Fearan, fearain, dove, stock-dove, wood-pigeon.

Feūn, the arm, the hand, the hollow of the palm.

Fideag, flute, whistle, whistling.

Fiodhag, fiodhagach, bird-cherry. The bird-cherry takes the place of the wild fig-tree in popular lore. The people say that the wild fig-tree is banned because of the incident of the barren fig-tree. They do not use it for any structural purpose, but in some districts a decoction of the wood is made for certain diseases in cattle.

When 'MacMhuirich Mor' seized 'isean na beist,' the young of the beast, the mother besought him to give her back her young, and that she would perform for him whatever service he demanded. Never thinking that she could accomplish such a thing, 'MacMhuirich Mor' asked the 'beast' to build him a house of nine couples, and to thatch it with the down and feathers of birds, no two feathers to be alike.

The 'beast' was dismayed at the ransom demanded of her, but she set to work resolutely and completed her task before the old cock crowed. She could be heard in the midnight air cheerily singing as she flew about to and fro, the burden of her song being

The 'beast' would then change the measure of her song, and sing--

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Fiolan, fiollan, fealian, a fly, a worm, an insect, an animal, a parasite, the bot-fly.

It is difficult to determine the precise meaning attached to 'fiolan' in these incantations. Probably 'fiolan fionn' is the gadfly; 'fiolan donn,' the earwig; 'fiolan fada,' long insect, the centipede; 'fiolan feoir,' the shrew; 'fiolan luachair,' the lizard, ordinarily 'dearc luachrach.'

'Fiolag,' a fly, a flighty person. From the frequent mention of the 'fiolan fionn,' it must have been a common pest among the people. Probably sleeping much in the open air was conducive to this--the insect depositing its eggs in the necks and faces of the people, as it deposits its eggs in the backs and rumps of cattle.

The 'fiolan' moves about 'eadar bian is sithionn,' between skin and flesh, causing intense pain and suffering. The people applied poultices of water-cress and other plants to the part affected, and rubbed it with honey, hog's lard, and other specifics.

Similar insect pests are common in South America, Africa, and India, causing much trouble, sometimes resulting in permanent injuries to natives and Europeans.

Fion, wine. Wine is frequently mentioned in old Gaelic lore, whisky never. The following lines occur in a song taken down in Miunghlaidh, one of the islands of Barra, in the summer of 1865:--

Fitheach, biadhtach, raven. Ravens are seldom gregarious, generally going in ones, twos, or threes. Occasionally they congregate in flocks of many hundreds when a dead animal is on the moor or on the shore, when they gorge themselves by day and sleep in the rocks by night. At such times they become a nuisance to the people of the place, who try to capture one of them. When secured, the bird is tarred, painted, plucked or clipped, and placed on the carcase. The rest of the ravens hold a court over the unfortunate bird, standing round it and talking loudly and simultaneously. After a time one goes forward and gives a peck at the hapless bird, then another and another, till the whole of them crowd round the victim and end him. Sometimes the ravens

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simply look at the injured one, and then sail away as silently and as variously as they came, till in a minute or two not a raven is to be seen.

Of a man who has arrived accidentally and opportunely it is said:--

When a raven is killed during nidification, the bereaved mate goes away, and after a short absence returns with another raven. When one of these is in turn killed, the other raven goes away and brings a new mate. This process is repeated till the third time, but if one be killed after that the remaining bird leaves the place and never returns. The term 'biadhtach,' feeder, is applied to the raven, and sometimes to a gluttonous man or boy.

One of the Lords of the Isles was going along Bac, in Barra--some say Greinetobht, North Uist,--when he saw a black-haired, unkempt boy sitting at the edge of a cornfield husking ears of corn while basking in the sun and tending the cattle. Being a ready-witted poet, like many of the old Highland chiefs, the Lord of the Isles said:--

The boy promptly replied:--

(When the Lord of the Isles is meant, and then only, the name 'MacDhomhnuill' is pronounced 'Mag-omhnuill.')

The ready wit and the implied compliment in the rebuke pleased the Lord of the Isles, and under his care the boy rose to position and founded a family.

A raven dance is curious. My wife and I once had the privilege of seeing this; and as I have never met with an account of a similar occurrence, I quote the description written at the time:--

'Mrs Carmichael and I were driving from Scolpaig to Newton,

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[paragraph continues] North Uist. Immediately on coming to the top of Cnoc ’ic Eoghain looking across the "ob"--bay within a bay--of Geireann, we saw near the strand a number of ravens going through some shuttle-cock movements that puzzled us much. Intervening hillocks, windings of the road, and rapid driving prevented us for a time from having a continuous view of what was going on; but having come to a place where we had a near and full view of the birds, we stopped our little phaeton, and watched their singular proceedings in breathless silence.

'There were ten or twelve ravens in all, I forget which, on the smooth green grass adjoining the dry strand, and about a hundred yards below where we stood. On a small elevation hard by stood a large, noble-looking raven, probably the MacCrimmon of his race, and piped a "port-a-bial," mouth-tune, loud, fast, and furious. To this all the other ravens responded by running, and hopping, and jumping rapidly and regularly from certain given points in two opposite directions. "They reeled, they crossed," but I cannot say they "cleekit," like the witches in old Alloway Kirk. But they certainly went through certain movements and evolutions, now singularly resembling the "Reel of Tulloch," and now absurdly like the "Lancers' Quadrille." While these strange movements were gone through by the ravens on the ground, another raven flew to and fro overhead, now making a wide circuit, now a narrow one, and now an angle, and evidently guarding against surprise. Ultimately this strange dance--as I think I am justified in calling it--ceased, having lasted, from the time we noticed the birds first, some eight or ten minutes. Immediately thereafter all the ravens flew away, not in a body, and in one direction, as their congeners the crows would have done, but like a gang of thieves taken by surprise, all in different directions, and in various ways, no two of them going together. I have been familiar with ravens all my life, and at various times and in various places have seen numbers of them together; but I never before saw a ravens' quadrille, and probably shall never see the same thing again.'

Farlos, farlus, fairleus, the smoke-hole in the ridge of a house for the egress of smoke and the ingress of light, from 'far,' over, and 'leus,' light.

Flathas, heaven, an abbreviated form of 'flathanas,' 'flaitheamhnas.' Sometimes taken to be 'flaithinnis,' isle of the noble; from 'flath,'

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noble, and 'innis,' isle. This mysterious isle lay far away under the western main and beneath the setting sun. There men and women retained perpetual youth, perpetual life, and perpetual love, amidst the chase, the song, and the story.

Fō, brink; 'fō a bhais,' brink of death.

Foirich, foiriche, lump, mallet, pestle, the stone used in crushing the corn in the 'pollag,' corn mortar.

Foirinn, border land, debatable land, land held in dispute and therefore watched.

Foiriridh, foirireadh, keen observation, anxious waiting, wake, watching the corpse.

Forach, forch, foirch, foiriche, a projection, a swelling, a rock, a reef in the sea, ordinarily called 'bogha.' These invisible reefs are sources of extreme danger along the Atlantic side of the Outer Isles, and in arms of the sea opening on the Atlantic. On a calm day, when the water is smooth, the sea may suddenly and noiselessly rise from five to fifteen feet, and then rush along roaring for a distance of fifty or a hundred yards, falling down in a grand cascade.

This sudden rising of the sea in the neighbourhood of sunken reefs has been fatal to many boats, among others to that of the chief of Ulva's isle in 'Loch-nan-Ceall,' Mull. The fatal reef is well known, and lies half-way between Gribonn and Ulva; for the ballad of 'Lord Ullin's Daughter' is founded upon fact, as are all Campbell's ballads.

Fosg, lark, 'fosgag,' little lark, from 'fosg,' open, bird of the open, bird of the open sky. 'Fosgag Moire,' 'fosgag Mhoire,' the little lark of Mary, endearingly applied to the skylark.

Fosglan, a porch; 'fosglan air an fhosglan,' an opening on the opening--porch; 'am fosg,' the space above us; 'anns an fhosg,' in space.

Freigh, fraigh, fragh, wall, partition, division, shelf. 'Crog fraigh,' hand shadow, shadow pictures thrown on the wall.

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Frīd, frīde, gnome, pigmy, elf, rock-elfin. The people apply the term 'fride' and its derivatives 'fridean,' 'frideag,' 'fridich,' to creatures which they allege dwell in the internal rocks and in the innermost parts of the earth. They say that these gnomes eat and drink like men, and that it is not right to deprive them of the crumbs that fall to the ground. When crumbs of food or drops of milk fall on the floor the old people deprecate removing them, saying, 'Gabh ealla ris, is ioma bial feumach tha feitheamh air'--Let it be, many are the needy mouths awaiting it. 'MacMhuirich Mor' of Staoligearry was losing his cattle through 'dosgaidh,' mischance. As he sat on a rock musing over his losses he heard a gnome mother singing to her child--

[paragraph continues] 'MacMhuirich Mor' went home; and though he never went into his kitchen before, he went in that day. His baking-woman was making bread, and bits of dough and grains of meal were falling from her in the process. She took no notice of these till a piece fell from the bannock on her palm, and then she stooped down and lifted it. MacVuirich noticed her, and he went over and gave her a tap on the back of the hand with the switch he had, saying, 'Gabh ealla ris, a mhuirneag, is ioma bial feumach tha feitheamh air'--'Leave it alone, maiden, many a needful mouth is waiting for it. And as long as thou shalt stand in my house, never again remove the fragments of food from the floor; they are the rightful dues of "fridich nan creag," the gnomes of the rocks.' And as long as MacVuirich lived he went daily to the knoll with an offering of crumbs of bread and drops of milk to the gnomes. Never again did 'MacMhuirich Mor' lose his kine or his sheep or his horses. 'We must remember the smallest of God's creatures if we are to thrive in this world below and to live in the world beyond,' and the aged narrator had acted on her belief throughout her long life, though she had never once seen nor heard the recipients of her bounty.

Frīth, augury, divination. (Vol. ii. pp. 158, 159.)

Frith, small, diminutive, infinitesimal--generally a prefix. 'Frith-ghaol,' small love, 'frith-ghaoth,' weak wind, 'frith-cheol,' low music, 'frith-cheol min nan sitheach seang,' the soft music of the

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slender fairies. 'Frith-iasg,' small fish--generally applied to garvies, matties, and to immature fish; 'traigh frith-eisg,' strand of small fish, implying sand-eels; 'frith-thraigh,' small ebb; 'frith-rathad,' footpath, in contradistinction to 'rathad mor,' high-road; 'frith-ainm,' by-name, tee-name; 'frith-bhuille,' small blow, 'frith-bhuille bhreabadair,' the small stroke of the weaver. The weaver who contents himself with a weak stroke of the sleay makes flimsy cloth.

Fruan, acclivity, steepness, a steep hill; akin to 'fraon.'

Fuarag, a mixture of meal and cream, or of meal and milk, or of meal and water. In some districts the 'fuarag' is called 'stapag.'

After the battle of Inverlochy in 1431 the Earl of Mar in course of his flight was forced to seek food from an aged woman, who had nothing by her except a little barley meal. This he mixed with cold water in the heel of his shoe. On the woman regretting the poorness of the provision, the Earl said--

Fuath, a spectre, a kelpie, a demon, a water-fiend frequenting glens, rivers, and waterfalls.

Fuidheag, thrum, the warp-thread, ten or twelve inches long, remaining unwoven at the end of the web.

Fuidir, fool, lout, clown; akin to 'fuidse,' coward, also to 'buidir,' a witling.

Fuil, blood. The blood of a friend was drunk as a mark of affection. When Campbell of Breadalbane and his son Colin slew Grigor Macgregor, the husband of Breadalbane's daughter, the lady said:--

Ann Campbell, daughter of Donald Campbell, the entertainer of Prince Charlie at Scalpay, Harris, was exceptionally handsome. She was about to be married to Captain Allan Morrison

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[paragraph continues] Crossbost, Lewis. He was drowned on the way to his marriage. Ann Campbell composed a beautiful lament for her lover, in which she says:

The following occurs in a song composed by 'Nic Coiseam' to her foster-son, 'Mac Iain ’ic Sheumais,' the famous warrior-poet of the Macdonalds, after the battle of Carnish in 1601:--

Another song says:--

Shakespeare speaks of drinking the blood of a friend.

Spenser tells of a case at Limerick where he saw a woman drink the blood of her foster-son on his being executed.

Furadh, furaradh, fiuirireadh, parching corn, a mode of drying grain to make the cakes for Christmas and other festivals. 'Min fhuiriridh,' parched-corn meal.