FIG.

PAGE

1. Outline Map of the Central Area, showing the Distribution of the Tribes referred to

3

2. Group of Old Men at a Wurley

13

3. Members of a Family of Arunta Natives, showing the Wurley, Weapons and Implements used in daily life

17

4. Spear Throwing

18

5. Spear Throwing

19

6. Boomerang Throwing

21

7. Arunta Native, side face

29

8. Arunta Native, full face

31

9. Arunta Native, old man

33

10. Arunta Native, to show the frizzly nature of the beard

35

11. Arunta Native, to show the wavy nature of the hair

39

12. Group of Warramunga Men, four of the older ones have the upper lip bare

41

13. Young Women, Arunta Tribe, side face

43

14. Young Women, Arunta Tribe, full face

45

15. Young Woman, Arunta, showing body scars and tooth knocked out

47

16. Old Woman, Arunta Tribe

49

17. Young Woman, Warramunga Tribe

51

18. Woman carrying Child, Arunta Tribe

53

19. Diagram of Marriage System in the Dieri Tribe

109

20. Wooden Churinga or Sacred Sticks of the Urabunna, Luritcha and Arunta Tribes

129

21. Stone Churinga of the Arunta, Kaitish and Warramunga Tribes

131

22. Sacred Objects of the Waaga Tribe

158p. xiv

23. Churinga which have just been returned after having been borrowed. During the performance of ceremonies they are placed on the small platform built in the tree

163

24. Sacred Drawings of the Witchetty Grub Totem on the rocks at the Emily Gap

171

25. The Great Ilthura where Intichiuma was performed at the Emily Gap

173

26. Rubbing the Stomach with the Churinga Uchaqua during the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem. The men are sitting in one of the Ilthura

174

27. Rubbing the Stomach with the Churinga Unchima during the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem. The men are sitting in one of the Ilthura

175

28. The Alatunja returning to Camp after the Intichiuma ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem at the Emily Gap

177

29. Group of Men of the Emu Totem sitting round the Churinga Ilpintira, which is drawn on the ground

181

30. Preparing Decorations for the performance of the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Emu Totem

182

31. Performance of the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem. Pouring blood on to the stone

184

32. Intichiuma Ceremony of Water Totem

190

33. Undiara, where the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem is performed

195

34. First Ceremony of Initiation, painting and throwing the boys up in the air

216

35. First Ceremony of Initiation, painting and throwing the boys up in the air

217

36. Diagram of the Apulla Ground

219

37. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem, men lying down on the top of the Wurtja

224

38. Ceremony of Kangaroo Totem, the two men standing up wear small Waningas; the man lying down is supposed to be a dog

225

39. The Wurtja embracing the Waninga, which has been used during a Ceremony of the Rat Totem

233

40. The Wurtja crouching behind his brake; on his back is a design of the Snake Totem; the Apulla lines are seen with the Group of Men in front of their brake; the man who will perform the operation of circumcision is on the left and his assistant on the right side

235p. xv

41. Women stripping the poles, just before the Ceremony of Lartna in the Northern Arunta Tribe

245

42. The operator and his assistant standing in position during the performance of Lartna. The operator holds the small stone knife in his right hand

247

43. Immediately before the Ceremony of Ariltha; the two Arakurta embracing the Nurtunja, which has been used during a ceremony of the Bandicoot Totem

254

44. Immediately after the Ceremony of Ariltha; the two Ertwakurka sitting on the Shields

255

45. Old Men in charge of the Store of Churinga belonging to the Purula and Kumara, during the Engwura Ceremony. The Churinga are stored on a platform called Thanunda

273

46. Plan of the Engwura Ground

276

47. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem: the long cord represents the path of the Wild Cat men as they travelled along in the Alcheringa

287

48. Ceremony of the Wild Cat Totem, showing the laying on of hands to cause the performers to stop

289

49. Group of Men examining the Churinga

291

50. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of Quiurnpa

292

51. Ceremony of the Plum Tree Totem: the performer is supposed to be eating plums

293

52. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Eagle-Hawk Totem

295

53. Ceremony of Unjiamba Totem of Ooraminna

297

54. Ceremony of the Wild Cat Totem of Arapera, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

299

55. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem of Quiurnpa, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

301

56. Ceremony of the large Lizard Totem: the two undecorated men represent Thippa - thippa Men who changed into Birds

305

57. Ceremony of the Water Totem, showing how the Waninga is carried

307

58. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Grass Seed Totem, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

311

59. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem of Quiurnpa. The man sitting down wears a special form of Nurtunja on his head

314

60. Ceremony of the Fish Totem of Uratinga on the Finke River

317p. xvi

61. Ceremony of the Irriakura Totem of Umbanjun, the decorated feathers on the head represent the flowering Irriakura

319

62. Ceremony of the Irriakura Totem of Oknirchumpatana. The performer sits in front of a series of tufts of feathers fixed in the ground

321

63. Ceremony of an Ant Totem of Alkniwukulla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja; the lines of down represent roots of wattle trees, amongst which the women dig for ants; the performers represent women

325

64. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja; the small cross pieces represent pointing sticks

327

65. Ceremony representing two Oruncha of Kulparra

330

66. Ceremony of the Oruncha of Chauritchi

332

67. An Oruncha Ceremony: the performers coming on to the ground

333

68. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem of Apera-na-Unkumna, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

335

69. The Erathipa Stone, showing the hole through which the Spirit Children emerge, and the charcoal line painted above it

337

70. Ceremony of the Opossum Totem of Arimurla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

339

71. Ceremony of the Opossum Totem of Arimurla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

340

72. Preparing for a Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda

342

73. Ceremony of the Emu Totem; the head-dress represents the neck and head of an Emu

343

74. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda

345

75. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda

346

76. The Women throwing fire over the Illpongwurra

349

77. The Illpongwurra lying down with their heads on the Parra, behind which are stacked the bushes which they carry when returning to camp

353

78. Dance of the Illpongwurra round the performers of a ceremony; this running round is called Wahkutnima

355

79. Preparing the fire for the Illpongwurra

357

80. Ingwurninga Inkinja Ceremony of the Emu Totem of Imanda

359

81. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem of Undiara, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

361

82. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem of Undiara, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja

363

83. Ambilyerikirra Ceremony

367p. xvii

84. The erection of the Sacred Pole, or Kauaua; the man who has climbed up is arranging the Churinga

371

85. The Illpongwurra on the fire

373

86. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda

375

87. Totemic Designs painted on the backs of the Illpongwurra

377

88. The Illpongwurra gathered round the Kauaua

379

89. Ceremony of releasing from the Ban of Silence; touching the mouths of the younger men with a sacred object

383

90. Ceremony of releasing from the Ban of Silence; touching the mouth of the younger man with a fragment of the food presented by him to the older man

385

91. Rocks at Quiurnpa which arose to mark the spot where the Illpongwurra were burnt during the Engwura

391

92. The Nanja rock of Kukaitcha, the leader of the Ulpmerka men of the Plum Tree Totem at Quiurnpa

393

93. Emily Gap from the South side

426

94. Emily Gap from the North side

427

95. Ceremony of the White Bat Totem concerned with Cannibalism

474

96. Emu Feather Shoes worn by the Kurdaitcha

479

97. Kurdaitcha creeping up to his enemy

482

98. Illapurinja Woman

487

99. Tree Burial in the Warramunga Tribe

499

100. Widow smeared with Kaolin and wearing the Chimurilia

501

101. Chimurilia, fur string bands and feathers worn by the Widow during the Urpmilchima Ceremony at the Grave

505

102. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba (Hakea Tree) Totem of Urthipita, showing the Umbalinyara Cross

518

103. Iruntarinia Ceremony concerned with two Oruncha of Atnurtinya Kinya

520

104. Medicine Man showing the hole made in his tongue

524

105. Medicine Man made by the Oruncha, with the Oruncha Marilla, or design of the Oruncha

527

106. Various forms of Implements of Magic used amongst the Central Tribes

535

107. Drawing intended to represent a Woman lying on her back

549

108. Ceremony of the Sun Totem of Ilparlinja

563

109. Clothing and Personal Ornaments

569

110. Personal Ornaments

571

110A. Various forms of Spear-heads

576

111. Spear-throwers

579p. xviii

112. Construction of the Tassel or Fringe of the Nulliga

580

113. Attachment of the Tassel to the Nulliga

580

114. Fire making, by means of rubbing the edge of a Spear-thrower on a Shield

584

115. Shields

585

116. Shields

585

117. Stone Axes and Knives

589

118. Boomerangs

597

118A. Ornamentation of large Boomerangs

598

118B. Fighting Clubs

603

119. Various Implements

605

120. Pitchis

609

121. Pitchis

609

122. Structure of the String Bag

612

123. Arunta Native using Spindle for making Fur-string

613

124. Native Rock Paintings

To face page 615

125. Arunta Natives, Corrobboree Decorations

619

126. Arunta Natives, Corrobboree Decorations

619

127. Arunta Natives, decorated for the Erkita Corrobboree

620

128. Decorations used during a Rain Dance or Corrobboree, Arunta Tribe

621

129. Old Man instructing Boys how to perform a Corrobboree

622

130. Preparing for the Erkita Corrobboree, Arunta Tribe

623

131. Churingia Ilkinia or Sacred Rock Drawing of a Group of the Honey Ant Totem in the Warramunga Tribe

To face page 631

132. Churinga Ilkinia of the Udnirringita Totem drawn on the Rocks at the Emily Gorge

To face page 632

133. Churinga Ilkinia of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem, drawn on the Rocks at Quiurnpa

To face page 633

MAPS

1. Outline Map of the Central Area of Australia showing the tracks followed by the four groups of Achilpa and the spots at which they camped

Inside back cover

2. Outline Map of the Central Area of Australia in the region of the MacDonnell Range, showing the tracks followed by the various groups of Udnirringita and of Emu men, together with the spots at which they camped, and other localities concerned with traditions

Inside back cover